PWAN and the Transparency and Accountability Practitioners (TAPs) carried out a general diagnosis survey to assess certain of the Area Council’s vulnerabilities to corruption. The survey listed the services that the local government provides, and asked respondents to rank (1) the level of monopoly that the Area Council has over service provision; (2) Area Council staff’s discretion in making decisions when providing the service; and (3) the accountability that citizens have as to how the service is provided. PWAN then calculated each service’s vulnerability to corruption rating based on the corruption formula by Robert Klitgaard:
Corruption = Monopoly + Discretion –Accountability (C = M + D –A).
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